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The military supplies which India agreed to hand over sometimes did not arrive, or when they did, they were often old, worn, damaged and obsolete. India eventually agreed to pay 60 million rupees in lieu of handing over ordnance factories and this was used by the Pakistani government to build an ordnance factory at Wah. Consequently, Pakistan had no factories capable of making military goods. All 16 ordnance factories were in India, which refused to hand any over. They did not want to see Pakistan become strong militarily, especially as they were fighting in Kashmir. In other military matters, the Indians once again failed to keep to the agreement. But as Pakistan faced almost immediate war with India over Kashmir, it needed the best army it could raise, no matter who was leading it. These were mostly at the highest rank, for this was where there were no Muslim officers at all. While it was possible to train some men up from ordinary soldiers, Jinnah was forced to take 500 British officers temporarily. There were only 2,500 trained Muslim officers, as the British Indian army had favored Hindu officers. It was agreed to split the army along religious lines Pakistan received 6 Armored divisions, 8 Artillery divisions and 8 Infantry division only as compared to India’s 14, 40 and 21.Ī big problem for the Pakistan army was that their army of 150,000 men needed 4,000 officers. Muslim regiments went to Pakistan and non-Muslim to India. The armed forces personnel were given freedom to opt for whichever country they wanted. The British were, at first, reluctant to divide the armed forces but eventually it was agreed that they should be split 36%: 44% between Pakistan and India. Pakistan also needed armed forces and military equipment to ensure its security. It was only after Gandhi went on hunger strike that a further 500 million rupees was paid. What the Indian government hoped was that by withholding the money, Pakistan would become bankrupt. If Pakistan stopped fighting and agreed that Kashmir should be an Indian possession, then the rest would be paid.

India refused to pay the rest, saying Pakistan would only use it to buy arms to fight against India. However he had to face many other major problems like In June 1947, it was agreed that Pakistan would be paid 750 million rupees of the 4 billion rupees in the Reserve Bank. This led to more orderly evacuation of refugees from one country to the other, but it did not completely end the violence. By the end of 1947, India and Pakistan were so concerned about the communal violence that they began to co-operate in trying to control it. It is also true, however, that atrocities were carried out by Muslims as a tide of communal hatred swept across the subcontinent in late 1947. In the non-Muslim princely states, there were examples of state troops being used to support attacks on Muslims. The violence was sometimes orchestrated by the local authorities, and many Muslim historians believe that Hindus and Sikhs had an organized programmed for the massacre of Muslim refugees. Others fled from violence and often arrived in their new country with nothing at all. Some moved willingly, taking as many of their possessions with them as they could. Also, 3.3 million Hindus fled East Bengal, and 1.3 million Muslims fled from India into East Bengal. Immediately after independence, Quaid e Azam had to deal with a massive refugee problem: while 5.3 million Hindus fled from Punjab and Sindh into India, 5.9 million Muslims fled from India into West Pakistan. So began one of the largest migrations ever witnessed in the history of mankind – and also some of the worst scenes of communal violence. The only answer was for Muslims to move into Pakistan and non-Muslims to move into India.

Millions of people found themselves living in the ‘wrong’ country and became victims of communal attacks. When the boundary of the two nations was demarcated and announced in August 1947, things became even worse. Although Congress and the Muslim League called for calm, the summer of 1947 saw rioting which led to numerous deaths. Answer: In the years immediately before partition, there was widespread violence between the Muslim and non-Muslim communities across India.